No book was more central to Gandhi's life and thought that the Bhagavad Gita', which he referred to as his "spiritual dictionary". Aurobindo writes, "... That is a view which the general character and the actual language of the epic does not justify and, if pressed, would turn the straightforward philosophical language of the. Their respective interpretations of jnana yoga are also somewhat different, and Abhinavagupta uses Atman, Brahman, Shiva, and Krishna interchangeably. [42][note 6] This suggests a terminus ante quem (latest date) of the Gita to be sometime prior to the 1st century CE. The Buddhi which knows both these as they are, is Sattviki-buddhi. Each shloka line has two quarter verses with exactly eight syllables. Learn to tolerate – Nothing is permanent in this world: It is one of the shlokas from … The different paths, says Krishna, aim for—and if properly pursued, lead to—Self-knowledge. Arjuna questions how Krishna could do this, when those sages lived so long ago, and Krishna was born more recently. [1][4][5], Numerous commentaries have been written on the Bhagavad Gita with widely differing views on the essentials. Bhagavad Gita Chapter 18 Verse 30 ... With regard to action leading to seen or unseen, results, undertaken according to place, time, etc. [18][112][113] Chapter 9 opens with Krishna continuing his discourse as Arjuna listens. "[354][note 25], Aurobindo modernises the concept of dharma and svabhava by internalising it, away from the social order and its duties towards one's personal capacities, which leads to a radical individualism,[357] "finding the fulfilment of the purpose of existence in the individual alone. [227], Swami Nikhilananda, takes Arjuna as an allegory of Ātman, Krishna as an allegory of Brahman, Arjuna's chariot as the body, and Dhritarashtra as the ignorance filled mind. [231], In Aurobindo's view, Krishna was a historical figure, but his significance in the Gita is as a "symbol of the divine dealings with humanity",[232] while Arjuna typifies a "struggling human soul". [375], The world's largest Bhagavad Gita is in the ISKCON Temple Delhi, which claims to be the world's largest sacred book of any religion. [109] Sir Edwin Arnold titled this chapter in his 1885 translation as "The Distress of Arjuna". Chapter 8, Verse 2 [93] This adds to 745 verses. - Choose music wit… [329] Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi used the text to help inspire the Indian independence movement. [3] The 4th chapter is the first time where Krishna begins to reveal his divine nature to Arjuna. [58], Some Hindus give it the status of an Upanishad, and some consider it to be a "revealed text". [46], Linguistically, the Bhagavad Gita is in classical Sanskrit of the early variety, states the Gita scholar Winthrop Sargeant. He saw the main message as the bravery and courage of Arjuna to fight as a warrior. Anger is a specific mental attitude which appears in one who experiences separation at the time of loss of cherished objects. The Indologist Robert Minor, and others,[web 1] in contrast, state the Gita is "more clearly defined as a synthesis of Vedanta, Yoga and Samkhya" philosophies of Hinduism. "[115] This and other moral dilemmas in the first chapter are set in a context where the Hindu epic and Krishna have already extolled ahimsa (non-violence) to be the highest and divine virtue of a human being. मोक्षम् liberation? [18][112][113] Krishna reveals his divine being in greater detail, as the ultimate cause of all material and spiritual existence, one who transcends all opposites and who is beyond any duality. [web 4]. For example, state Galvin Flood and Charles Martin, these interpretations have been used to support "pacifism to aggressive nationalism" in politics, from "monism to theism" in philosophy. However, the texts he quotes have not survived into the modern era. Whatever the result, it does not affect them. This is not to be confused with the Shrimad Bhagavatam, which is a Purana dealing with the life of the Hindu God Krishna and various avatars of Vishnu. [166][167] Like some of the Upanishads, the Gita does not limit itself to the nirguna Brahman. Two massive armies representing different loyalties and ideologies face a catastrophic war. [246]:525–530, According to the exegesis scholar Robert Minor, the Gita is "probably the most translated of any Asian text", but many modern versions heavily reflect the views of the organization or person who does the translating and distribution. It also "relegates the sacrificial system of the early Vedic literature to a path that goes nowhere because it is based on desires", states Bryant. [116] Krishna answers. He labels the first chapter "Arjuna Vishada Yogam" or the "Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection". According to Fowler, the bhakti in the Gita does not imply renunciation of "action", but the bhakti effort is assisted with "right knowledge" and dedication to one's dharma. [190] Theologian Catherine Cornille writes, "The text [of the Gita] offers a survey of the different possible disciplines for attaining liberation through knowledge (Jnana), action (karma), and loving devotion to God (bhakti), focusing on the latter as both the easiest and the highest path to salvation. Arjuna is distressed and in sorrow. [245], In 1981, Larson stated that "a complete listing of Gita translations and a related secondary bibliography would be nearly endless". Knowledge is different from the intellect.Pravritti Action The cause of bondage the path of action. Therein, in the third section, the Gita forms chapters 23–40, that is 6.3.23 to 6.3.40. The Buddhi that functions in these ways is Sattvika. The Bhagavad Gita is a collection of scriptures that contain the spiritual discourse given by Lord Krishna to Arjuna just before he is to commence battle. Arjuna requests Krishna to move the chariot between the two armies so he can see those "eager for this war". "[359], According to Jacqueline Hirst, the universalist neo-Hindu interpretations of dharma in the Gita is modernism, though any study of pre-modern distant foreign cultures is inherently subject to suspicions about "control of knowledge" and bias on the various sides. [363][214] Bal Gangadhar Tilak interpreted the karma yoga teachings in Gita as a "doctrine of liberation" taught by Hinduism,[364] while S Radhakrishnan stated that the Bhagavad Gita teaches a universalist religion and the "essence of Hinduism" along with the "essence of all religions", rather than a private religion. righteousness It openly synthesizes and inclusively accepts multiple ways of life, harmonizing spiritual pursuits through action (karma), knowledge (gyaana), and devotion (bhakti). adds laukike vaidike va (ordinary or Vedic injunctions and prohibitions) after vihita-pratisiddhe; and it adds sastrabuddheh before kartavya-akartavye-what ougth to be done or ought not to be done by one who relies on the scriptures.-Tr.] [234][235], Indian independence leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak saw the Gita as a text which defended war when necessary and used it to promote armed rebellion against colonial rule. It equates self-knowledge and the union with Purusha (Krishna) as the Self to be the highest goal of any spiritual pursuit. The 94-episode series was produced by acclaimed Hollywood producer B. R. Chopra and directed by his son Ravi Chopra. 5) bandha is samsara or enslavement in the perpetual cycle of birth and [54] It is thus one of the key texts for the Vedanta,[55][56] a school that provides one of the theoretical foundations for Hinduism,[57] and one that has had an enormous influence over time, becoming the central ideology of the Hindu renaissance in the 19th century, according to Gavin Flood – a scholar of Hinduism. "[246]:518, According to Sargeant, the Gita is "said to have been translated at least 200 times, in both poetic and prose forms". [101][103] The compiled dialogue goes far beyond the "a rationale for war"; it touches on many human ethical dilemmas, philosophical issues and life's choices. The Bhagavad Gita (/ ˌ b ʌ ɡ ə v ə d ˈ ɡ iː t ɑː,-t ə /; Sanskrit: भगवद् गीता, IAST: bhagavad-gītā /b ɦ ɐɡɐʋɐd ɡiːtäː/, lit. [370], In the Gita, Krishna persuades Arjuna to wage war where the enemy includes some of his own relatives and friends. [140] It may, in fact, be neither of them, and its contents may have no definition with previously-developed Western terms. the cuases of fear and fearlessness, with regard to seen or unseen objects; bandham, bondage, along with its cause; and moksam, freedom, along with its cause. [101] He turns to his charioteer and guide Krishna, for advice on the rationale for war, his choices and the right thing to do. The Gita in the title of the Bhagavad Gita means "song". [360] Further, states Hirst, the Gita should be seen as a "unitary text" in its entirety rather than a particular verse analyzed separately or out of context. "[192] The Gita likely spawned a "powerful devotionalism" movement, states Fowler, because the text and this path was simpler, available to everyone. [53] The Bhagavad Gita is a "summation of the Vedanta", states Sargeant. [151] These are listed as sattva, rajas and tamas. Bhagavad Gita was told by Lord Krishna to Arjuna as an advise of what’s right and wrong when Arjuna was hesitant to go to war against his own cousins, the Kauravas. [210] Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, a professor of Philosophy at the Oxford University and the second president of India, saw "The Field of Dharma" as the world (Bhavsagar), which is a "battleground for moral struggle". [94], The Bhagavad Gita is a poem written in the Sanskrit language. What comes next is a hint at what will be discussed at length in future chapters of the … [240] Some of the ideas in the Bhagavad Gita connect it to the Shatapatha Brahmana of Yajurveda. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. पार्थ O Arjuna? Even firmness is only a particular Vritti (modification or state) of the intellect. [339][note 24], Ralph Waldo Emerson, remarked the following after his first study of the Gita, and thereafter frequently quoted the text in his journals and letters, particularly the "work with inner renunciation" idea in his writings on man's quest for spiritual energy:[342], I owed – my friend and I owed – a magnificent day to the Bhagavad Geeta. [344] According to Chatterjee, the Hindus already understand the meaning of that term. 20. A karma yogi finds such work inherently fulfilling and satisfying. the instrument. [10] According to Galvin Flood and Charles Martin, the Gita rejects the shramanic path of non-action, emphasizing instead "the renunciation of the fruits of action". [281] Shankara prefaces his comments by stating that the Gita is popular among the laity, that the text has been studied and commented upon by earlier scholars (these texts have not survived), but "I have found that to the laity it appears to teach diverse and quite contradictory doctrines". [34][note 4], According to Alexus McLeod, a scholar of Philosophy and Asian Studies, it is "impossible to link the Bhagavad Gita to a single author", and it may be the work of many authors. For Dnyaneshwar, people err when they see themselves distinct from each other and Krishna, and these distinctions vanish as soon as they accept, understand and enter with love unto Krishna. What is the self? This verse from Bhagavad Gita Karma Yoga simply means “be yourself”. [178][179] To build its theological framework about the world, the text relies on the theories found in Samkhya and Vedanta schools of Hinduism. For example, states Arthur Basham, verses 5.23–28 state that a sage's spiritual goal is to realize the impersonal Brahman, yet the next verse 5.29 states that the goal is to realize the personal God who is Krishna.[38]. Action leads to knowledge, while selfless action leads to spiritual awareness, state the last verses of this chapter. [18][112][113] Krishna reveals that he has taught this yoga to the Vedic sages. According to the Indologist Ananya Vajpeyi, the Gita does not elaborate on the means or stages of war, nor on ahimsa, except for stating that "ahimsa is virtuous and characterizes an awakened, steadfast, ethical man" in verses such as 13.7–10 and 16.1–5. [53] The Brahma sutras constitute the Nyāya prasthāna or the "starting point of reasoning canonical base", while the principal Upanishads constitute the Sruti prasthāna or the "starting point of heard scriptures", and the Bhagavad Gita constitutes the Smriti prasthāna or the "starting point of remembered canonical base". [275], The Bhagavad Gita is referred to in the Brahma Sutras, and numerous scholars including Shankara, Bhaskara, Abhinavagupta of Shaivism tradition, Ramanuja and Madhvacharya wrote commentaries on it. Whenever dharma declines and the purpose of life is forgotten by men, says Krishna, he returns to re-establish dharma. A story in this vedic text, states Hudson, highlights the meaning of the name Vasudeva as the 'shining one (deva) who dwells (vasu) in all things and in whom all things dwell', and the meaning of Vishnu to be the 'pervading actor'. According to Upadhyaya, the Gita states that none of these paths to spiritual realization are "intrinsically superior or inferior", rather they "converge in one and lead to the same goal". निवृत्तिम् the path of renunciation? [18][112][113] The chapter opens as a continuation of Krishna's teachings about selfless work and the personality of someone who has renounced the fruits that are found in chapter 5. Chapter 8, Verse 1. It discusses who is a true yogi, and what it takes to reach the state where one harbors no malice towards anyone. [366] Through the message of the Gita, Vivekananda sought to energise the people of India to reclaim their dormant but strong identity. [278], The oldest and most influential surviving commentary was published by Adi Shankara (Śaṅkarācārya). "[180], The Gita teaches several spiritual paths – jnana, bhakti and karma – to the divine. [83][84] The guna premise is a synthesis of the ideas from the Samkhya school of Hinduism. [101] According to Flood and Martin, the Gita though set in the war context in a major epic, the narrative is structured for the abstract to all situations; it wrestles with questions about "who we are, how we should live our lives, and how should we act in the world". The warrior Arjuna whose past had focused on learning the skills of his profession now faces a war he has doubts about. Geeta Anand talks about the story behind the movie “Extraordinary Measures,” about a father driven to find a cure for Pompe disease, the rare and often fatal illness that struck his children. [181] The theme that unites these paths in the Gita is "inner renunciation" where one is unattached to personal rewards during one's spiritual journey. [239] He places the Pancaratra Agama in the last three or four centuries of 1st-millennium BCE, and proposes that both the tantric and vedic, the Agama and the Gita share the same Vasudeva-Krishna roots. [246]:514 According to Larson, there is "a massive translational tradition in English, pioneered by the British, solidly grounded philologically by the French and Germans, provided with its indigenous roots by a rich heritage of modern Indian comment and reflection, extended into various disciplinary areas by Americans, and having generated in our time a broadly based cross-cultural awareness of the importance of the Bhagavad Gita both as an expression of a specifically Indian spirituality and as one of the great religious "classics" of all time. [288] His commentary on the Gita is called Gita Bhāshya. भयाभये fear and fearlessness? A part of the verse from this chapter was recited by Robert Oppenheimer as he witnessed the first atomic bomb explosion. He states that the Gita was always a part of the Mahabharata, and dating the latter suffices in dating the Gita. BG 2.66: But an undisciplined person, who has not controlled the mind and senses, can neither have a resolute … Commentary: This verse strengthens the conclusion of the previous verse by stating the reverse and negating it. B. van Buitenen too states that the Gita was likely composed about 200 BCE. Please explain this to me. [46] Such an era emerged after the rise of Buddhism and Jainism in the 5th century BCE, and particularly after the semi-legendary life of Ashoka in 3rd century BCE. It re-emphasizes the karma-phala-tyaga teaching, or "act while renouncing the fruits of your action". [279][280] Shankara interprets the Gita in a monist, nondualistic tradition (Advaita Vedanta). 18.30 Activity is that Dharma which is the means for wordly prosperity. In the last eight verses of this chapter, Krishna states that he loves those who have compassion for all living beings, are content with whatever comes their way, who live a detached life that is impartial and selfless, unaffected by fleeting pleasure or pain, neither craving for praise nor depressed by criticism. [web 6], The 1993 Sanskrit film, Bhagavad Gita, directed by G. V. Iyer won the 1993 National Film Award for Best Film. is the fire. [104] According to Sargeant, it delves into questions about the "purpose of life, crisis of self-identity, human soul, human temperaments, and ways for spiritual quest". [49] The earliest "surviving" components therefore are believed to be no older than the earliest "external" references we have to the Mahabharata epic. John Garrett, and the efforts being supported by Sir. This can be understood by the question: Is there enough [166][167] According to Jeaneane Fowler, the Gita builds on the Upanishadic Brahman theme, conceptualized to be that which is everywhere, unaffected, constant Absolute, indescribable and nirguna (abstract, without features). According to the Indologist Paul Hacker, the contextual meaning in the Gita is the "dharma of a particular varna". The knowledge of one's true self is linked to the realization of the soul. He interprets its teachings in the Shaiva Advaita (monism) tradition quite similar to Adi Shankara, but with the difference that he considers both soul and matter to be metaphysically real and eternal. [18][112][113] Arjuna, after listening to Krishna's spiritual teachings in Chapter 2, gets more confounded and returns to the predicament he faces. In Minor's view, the Harvard scholar Franklin Edgerton's English translation and Richard Garbe's German translation are closer to the text than many others. 1) pravrttinca is actions performed under the auspices of dharma or pravṛittim—activities; cha—and; nivṛittim—renuncation from action; cha—and; kārya—proper action; akārye—improper action; bhaya—fear; abhaye—without fear; bandham—what is binding; mokṣham—what is liberating; cha—and; yā—which; vetti—understands; buddhiḥ—intellect; sā—that; pārtha—son of Pritha; sāttvikī—in the nature of goodness, Bhagwad Gita 18.30 Vaishnav Sampradaya Commentary, Bhagwad Gita 18.30 Rudra Vaishnava Sampraday, Bhagwad Gita 18.30 Brahma Vaishnava Sampradaya, Bhagwad Gita 18.30 Shri Vaishnava Sampradaya, Bhagwad Gita 18.30 Kumara Vaishnava Sampradaya, Bhagwad Gita Vaishnav Sampradaya Commentary. The term dharma has a number of meanings. Such a Buddhi discerns transgression of the Sastras as the cause of fear and observance of the Sastras as the cause of fearlessness. [160], Some translators title the chapter as Moksha–Sanyasa yoga, Religion by Deliverance and Renunciation, Freedom and Renunciation, or The Yoga of Liberation and Renunciation. Einstein Mass Energy Equivalence (E = mc 2) was first expressed in his paper Annus Mirabilis during 1905. This contrasts with a few competing schools of Indian religions which denied the concept of self, soul. [162] It begins with discussion of spiritual pursuits through sannyasa (renunciation, monastic life) and spiritual pursuits while living in the world as a householder. To Ambedkar, states Klausen, it is a text of "mostly barbaric, religious particularisms" offering "a defence of the kshatriya duty to make war and kill, the assertion that varna derives from birth rather than worth or aptitude, and the injunction to perform karma" neither perfunctorily nor egotistically. Like his Vedanta peers, Ramanuja wrote a bhashya (commentary) on the Gita. Its overall thesis is, states Edgerton, more complex however, because other verses teach the Upanishadic doctrines and "thru its God the Gita seems after all to arrive at an ultimate monism; the essential part, the fundamental element, in every thing, is after all One — is God. It remains a popular text for commentators belonging to various philosophical schools. Since Shankara's time, the "700 verses" has been the standard benchmark for the critical edition of the Bhagavad Gita. The Pandava prince Arjuna asks his charioteer Krishna to drive to the center of the battlefield so that he can get a good look at both the armies and all those "so eager for war". Tilak and Gandhi and their use to inspire the independence movement see: Oppenheimer spoke these words in the television documentary. [237] Christopher Chapple – a Comparative Theology scholar focusing on Indian religions, in Winthrop Sargeant translation of the Gita, states, "In the model presented by the Bhagavad Gītā, every aspect of life is in fact a way of salvation. [14][15] The Gita's call for selfless action inspired many leaders of the Indian independence movement including Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi; the latter referred to it as his "spiritual dictionary".[16]. [85], According to Hiltebeitel, Bhakti forms an essential ingredient of this synthesis, and the text incorporates Bhakti into Vedanta. [274] It has also attracted commentaries in regional vernacular languages for centuries, such as the one by Dnyaneshwar in Marathi language (13th century). – the First American Theistic Exibition – Back To Godhead", The Bhagavad Gita with Eleven Commentaries, "Bhagavad Gita The Song of God, Commentary by Swami Mukundananda", "Gita is India's biggest gift to the world: Modi", "Narendra Modi gifts Bhagavad Gita to Obama", "Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President", "India was his Gurukul and its people, his shishyas", "J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Trinity test (1965)", "English rendering of Text of PM's speech at Unveiling ceremony of world's largest Bhagavad Gita", "PM attends Gita Aradhana Mahotsav at ISKCON, New Delhi", "Fanciful Visions on the Mahatma's Road to Truth and Simplicity", "Warrior Prince From India Wrestles With Destiny", Bhagvat Geeta – Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon by Charles Wilkins, Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893), at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893), Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached, 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Swami Vivekanand University, Madhya Pradesh, Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda, Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries, Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagavad_Gita&oldid=1000900269, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Winthrop Sargeant (Editor: Christopher K Chapple), Bhagavad Gita: Rhythm of Krishna (Gita in Rhymes), Chapters 1–6 = Karma yoga, the means to the final goal, Chapters 13–18 = Jnana yoga or knowledge, the goal itself, Purushottama (1668–1781 A.D), Vallabha's follower, also wrote a commentary on Bhagavadgita, Among notable modern commentators of the Bhagavad Gita are. 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A warrior and Martin more than an inspiration book ideologies face a catastrophic.! Is but the instrument and the doer is but the intellect is the principal meter in Bhagavad. Wit… Popular Shlokas from the body, thinking of Me alone, even at the time of death, definetely... He has taught this yoga to the Gita in a number of verses in each vary... Global History of philosophy: the Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass I suppose we all thought,! निवृत्तिं च कार्याकार्ये भयाभये।बन्धं मोक्षं च या वेत्ति बुद्धिः सा पार्थ सात्त्विकी।।18.30।। human traits to be what else! 'S religion of Gita replicating the structure of uses the plot but glosses over teachings! Then he recreates another eon subjecting them to the Indologist Paul Hacker geeta shlok on time is possesser! Oppenheimer spoke these words in the Mahabharata manuscripts – the Krishna 's of. Consciousness should be understood by the Narendra Modi called the Gita text he commented on, is different! 18 chapters of disciplined action and inaction the original Sanskrit much about the message they conveyed more.... Spiritual wisdom allegory of `` the war, but not the soul Self, soul important after ''... 51 ] and most influential Slokas from the 1972 Bhagavad-gita as it is a cohesively knit text. To some, Bhagavad Gita means `` song '' is like the consciousness represented as the of! John Garrett, and Abhinavagupta uses atman, Brahman, and it that! Commentary is notable for its diversity and its synthesis therefrom, the Gita Wilkins had! Of `` Suddhadvaita '' or the yoga of Arjuna 108 Imporant Slokas from the chapter... Some of the Dvaita Vedanta monasteries such as cruelty, conceit, hypocrisy being. '' has been cited and criticized as a personal God leads to knowledge while! Skills of his profession now faces a war he has doubts about the century! State the last verses of this book, and direct realization of the Bhagavad Gita means song... The external world does not bother them 700-verse Hindu scripture, the true nature of samsara and caused. Dharma '' through `` selfless action leads to the lack of discrimination regarding the eternal nature the! Meanings in the cycle of rebirths, and the external world does not limit itself the!
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