Political boundaries are not recognized by creatures of the sea, and spawning sites, larval dispersion, pollutant pathways, disease transmission, and many other influences are a function of prevailing currents and winds. Photographs are usually the best way to determine transition boundaries between reef zones and specific locations of prominent reef features such as drop offs, coral buttresses, or branching coral "forests." Coral reef management handbook. Reserves prohibiting the exploitation of resources of the kind established on land in the United States are generally absent from the sea. However, management plans will be more effective if they contain measurable indicators of success that may be monitored annually to serve as a "barometer" of successful management. Education and outreach should include a variety of program types including: 1) User-oriented programs that may focus on recreational or commercial user groups and their particular interests; 2) School groups and education classes with programs that will arouse interest and make students aware of protection needed; 3) Local community programs that might focus on overall reef values and economic benefits of protection to the community; 4) Active participation programs that require involvement of the public in carrying out management or protection activities; 5) Education of decision makers at all levels of government; and, 6) Interpretation for the press and media. Carr, M.H. Reefs in good condition generally have relatively high amounts of living coral, low incidence of coral disease, large numbers of fish (including large carnivores), and low amounts of fleshy algae. Back to list of elements. Back to list of elements. Aerial photographs, base resource maps and GIS databases should be considered essential tools for the managers of coral reef ecosystems and every manager should seek to have these products available. To adequately administer a coral reef protected area and make conservation a reality, managers will need adequate personnel and funding. Resource Needs and Sources Coral reef management handbook. The GIS can also be used to organize and store all new spatially oriented information about reefs as it is obtained. Franke. Establishing an evaluation team of managers from other marine protected areas is a good way to obtain a more technical and perhaps objective review of management effectiveness. Progress toward achieving management objectives is often a direct function of personnel management practices and philosophy and how motivated people are to perform their duties. At least 20 percent of any coral reef sanctuary, park, refuge or other such protected area should be designated as a marine wilderness and completely protected from fishing and other resource removal. Resource exploitation in the form of fish and shellfish harvest is allowed in all coral reef sanctuaries, parks and refuges under United States jurisdiction. Resource Needs and Sources Natural stresses can combine with damage from recreational use or shoreline development. These reports should come frequently in the form of newsletters or informational updates, periodically when information of significant proportion is obtained (e.g. However, many studies of complete protection or non-harvest areas, where they have been established, show increases in the number, size and age of species within such zones after they are established, and fishery yields have increased in adjacent areas. At least 20 percent of any coral reef sanctuary, park, refuge or other such protected area should be designated as a marine wilderness and completely protected from fishing and other resource removal. Resource restoration is often an important part of the necessary management actions for a coral reef area manager, and there is a growing body of literature for reference on this topic. It's mainly intended by observers on board commercial fishing boats. Aerial photographs, base resource maps and GIS databases should be considered essential tools for the managers of coral reef ecosystems and every manager should seek to have these products available. Kenchington, R.A. and B. Hudson (eds.). One of the biggest challenges to coral reef managers is getting information out to the general public, the local community, decision makers, students, and other interested parties. More research on the potential of using coral larvae to restock denuded reefs, now showing some promise in the Pacific, may lead to more use of this method in reef restoration. Development of a "friends group," a trust fund, or a "coral reef stewardship fund" on a local level can often provide additional funding for the MPA's programs. In other situations, measuring variations over time in the relative abundance of corals and other organisms on an unstressed reef can provide a basis for evaluating observed changes on nearby reefs that are stressed by human activities. Coral reefs are essential to healthy coasts and vibrant economies, playing a critical role in everything from protecting lives and property to supporting thousands of businesses. This will require that the managing agency have an established process to determine damage cost estimates. Such photographs and maps will usually require obtaining underwater photographic mosaics, use of underwater video-photography, and/or recording of information from grids placed on the reef surface. UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology, Southeast Asia. and D.C. Reed. In the United States, these may include non-governmental support organizations such as the Fish and Wildlife foundation, the National Park Foundation, the National Park and Conservation Association, the Center for Marine Conservation, or any of many other organizations interested in the conservation of coral reef resources. To benefit management, research should be tailored to the stresses which are most likely to affect the reefs in a particular MPA. CARICOMP (Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity). Environmental education is often on-site, in or around the water, with specific lessons provided and objectives to be met. Fortunately, monitoring does not have to be complicated or expensive to be effective. Foster, N. and M.H. Regional networking needs coordination and constant nurturing. Salm, R.V. and D.C. Reed. 1978. The overuse of fertilizers ... Use environmentally-friendly modes of transportation. Federal agencies attempting to establish advisory committees need to do so in conformance with provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). Evaluation should be continual and begin at the time of implementation, but a formal evaluation mechanism or procedure is desirable. Back to list of elements. Marine protected area management plans should be formally reviewed and revised as necessary at a five-year minimum interval. For example, if you need to determine whether hotel sewage is causing an increase in algae on a nearby reef, both the algal abundance and nutrients in the water or sediments would need to be documented. One of the biggest challenges to coral reef managers is getting information out to the general public, the local community, decision makers, students, and other interested parties. In addition, it may be important to address smaller scale changes in coral reefs before they grow and become apparent in an aerial photograph. Great Barrier Reef. Reporting of management results should be considered critical element to gaining and maintaining public support for the marine protected area. Coral reef area managers should also keep in mind that additional training may be essential for employees to become knowledgeable in activities such as law enforcement, safety and first aid, operation of specialized equipment, public speaking, and other practices that are necessary for effective management but not normally included in school curricula. 581p. 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